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An external hard drive containing a bootable copy of OS X is probably the most important tool for any Mac technician to have. Whether you're trying to troubleshoot a failed software update or need to install Mavericks onto hundreds of Macs, an external hard drive loaded with OS X can be just what you need to perform whatever software task might be needed.

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Serving as an epilogue to our series Disk Management from the Command-Line, we'll explore how to build an external boot drive and automate the process if multiple drives are needed.

Troubleshooting Software Issues

There can be many reasons why a Mac can no longer boot correctly and it's usually software-related. Some of these reasons, in no particular order, include:

• A failed software update
• Corrupt drivers or fonts
• Deleted system files

Luckily, the Mac can boot from almost any type of external storage device, in addition to its internal hard drive, via USB, Thunderbolt or FireWire. By holding down the Alt key during boot, the Mac will display all available volumes that it can boot from.

Having an external hard drive loaded up with the installers of different versions of OS X, as well as a known-working installation of OS X, can be used to perform almost any troubleshooting task you may need by bypassing any potential software issue that the Mac is suffering from.

An external hard drive used in this manner is commonly referred to as a Triage Drive.

OS X Recovery

Since the release of OS X Lion, Apple has provided Mac users with a separate, hidden volume known as OS X Recovery. It's a very lightweight build of OS X that provides access to a small set of utilities, such as Disk Utility and Terminal, though its primary purpose is to make the reinstallation of OS X as easy as possible.

Because OS X Recovery is mainly used for installation purposes, it has to download all of the necessary files whenever this is performed. This requires both an internet connection and a great deal of time. For any Mac technicians needing to perform regular upgrades or reinstalls of OS X on many different Macs, an external boot drive can be loaded up with a full installer that is usable on multiple Macs.

Drive Contents

The triage drive we're going to build will contain the following:

• Installer for OS X Lion
• Installer for OS X Mountain Lion
• Installer for OS X Mavericks
• Bootable installation of OS X Mavericks
• Spare volume

As you may have read previously, a single hard drive can contain multiple partitions that each house a separate volume. With this, we can place individual installs of Mac OS X onto each volume to support a wide range of Macs that may not all support the same version of OS X.

Depending on your requirements, you may need a bootable installation of OS X Lion or Mountain Lion. Each person's requirements will likely be different so I'll just demonstrate how to build a basic triage drive that you can build upon.

Finally, it will be assumed that you have previously purchased OS X Lion and Mountain Lion, or at least have the full installer app available within your Applications folder.

If you have purchased the installers previously but no longer have them on your Mac, launch the Mac App Store and select the Purchased tab. From here, they can still be downloaded.

Depending on the age of your Mac, you may not be able to download older installers for OS X if your Mac is relatively new. I was unable to download OS X Lion on my Retina MacBook Pro, instead greeted with an error message.

Should this occur, you'll need to sign in to the Mac App Store on another, older, Mac and download the installer on it first.

Interface Options

I'm using a 120GB USB drive for the purposes of this guide. While most Macs can boot from Thunderbolt or FireWire, USB is the only ubiquitous interface that every Intel Mac includes, so there's no point using anything else other than USB. I'd also recommend using a USB 3.0 drive since it's exceedingly fast yet still backwards compatible with Macs containing USB 2.0 ports, while still being much cheaper than their Thunderbolt equivalents.

Partitioning the Triage Drive

The triage drive needs to be split into five partitions, each formatted with a volume. While we could easily use Disk Utility to do this, we'll use the command-line as we'll be looking at automating this process later.

First, find out the disk identifier using diskutil list.

The disk identifier for the drive I want to use is disk2, so the command to use would be:

This will create the five volumes required and name them accordingly. I've given them rather unique names to set them apart, but if you do happen to have any volumes with the same name then update the following commands accordingly.

Copying the Installers

With the hard drive partitioned, it's time to copy the installers required onto each respective volume.

The installers for both OS X Lion and Mountain Lion include a Disk Image (DMG) file that can be restored to a volume and turn it into a fully-bootable installer that doesn't require an internet connection to download additional files.

Copying OS X Lion

To see where the installer is located from within the Finder, right-click on it and select Show Package Contents. The installer is located at Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg

We can restore this to the triage drive using asr. Using the following command, we can restore the DMG to the relevant volume.

Once the restore process has finished, you'll now see a volume labelled Mac OS X Install ESD. We'll need to rename this since the restore for OS X Mountain Lion creates a volume of the exact same name, making it somewhat confusing.

Renaming the volume can be done using the command:

The restore process also sets the volume's boot label (the name displayed at the boot menu if Alt is held) to 'Mac OS X'. Renaming the volume name doesn't change the boot label as well, but it's easily changed by using the bless command:

Copying OS X Mountain Lion

Restoring the installer for OS X Mountain Lion is exactly the same as OS X Lion, only we need to update the command with the correct path.

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Again, once the restore has been complete then we will be left with a volume named Mac OS X Install ESD. Rename this with:

Restoring the Mountain Lion installer also sets the boot label for the volume to 'Mac OS X'. Change it using:

Copying OS X Mavericks

Unlike with Lion and Mountain Lion, the process for OS X Mavericks is somewhat different. The DMG required is no longer InstallESD.dmg but is now called BaseSystem.dmg, though it's buried within another DMG file.

While it's still possible to use asr to restore the installer to the drive, we can make use of a new command within the OS X Mavericks installer called createinstallmedia, offering the same functionality as asr when it comes to restoring a fully-installable version of Mac OS X.

The createinstallmedia command's structure is similar to asr as you need to specify a volume to restore to, referred to as --volume.

Even though the command is found within the OS X Mavericks installer, it doesn't know that. You still need to specify the installer's location using --applicationpath.

Unlike OS X Lion and Mountain Lion, the name of the newly restored volume is more identifiable. But since we'd prefer to keep the naming convention manageable, let's rename this as well:

The Mavericks installer's boot label is more recognisable as it is the same as the volume name created. But let's change it anyway to standardise the naming across all the volumes.

Bootable OS X

With the three installers complete, we can test if the triage drive works by completing the final part of this guide - performing an install of Mavericks onto the volume ExBoot.

Installing OS X to ExBoot

Switch your Mac on and hold down the Alt key. Eventually, you should see an icon of the Mac's built-in hard drive displayed. Once you do, connect the triage drive and wait a few moments for the volumes to appear then select Mavericks Install.

If everything is working, you should be able to perform an install of OS X Mavericks to the volume ExBoot from the triage drive.

Creating a Restore Image of ExBoot

With a working installation of Mac OS X on the triage drive, it's best to create a disk image of it before making any changes or putting it to use. This way, if you want to create more triage drives or restore the whole drive back to a specific state, you've already got a working installation ready.

To create a disk image of the volume ExBoot, use hdiutil to create a disk image:

Once complete, you now have a working installation of Mac OS X to restore whenever setting up triage drive.

Automating the Process With a Shell Script

Creating a triage drive is relatively straightforward but if you needed to set up a number of triage drives or want to regularly restore one back to a known-working state, it can be a bit tedious to repeatedly enter these commands every time.

Instead, we can combine all of them together inside a shell script and have it do all of the work for us.

Below is a copy of an example script called Triage Drive Creator. To use it, connect the drive you wish to use and then run it from the command-line.

The script runs diskutil list first and asks you to specify the number that corresponds to the disk. This number is stored as a variable and used during partitioning so that you won't inadvertently wipe the wrong drive.

For example, if you want to use a disk located at /dev/disk2, then just enter 2.

The rest of the script then copies the installers, renames the volumes and sets the boot labels automatically.

Wrapping Up

With a few basic commands and some planning in advance, building a triage drive is something that every Mac technician can do. The benefits of having multiple installers for different versions of Mac OS X, as well as a fully bootable installation that is free from any problems, is a powerful tool in the Mac support arsenal.

The shell script provided only covers the commands found in this guide but there are plenty of different options to consider that would add further functionality. Try to find a way of having the shell script eject the drive once complete or be able to also restore a working install of OS X (hint: you'll need to create a disk image from one, beforehand).

You can purchase the complete guide to Disk Management From the Command-Line that includes Building an OS X Triage Drive as an ebook in ePub and PDF format for just $0.99.

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osu! is a rhythm game primarily developed, published and created by Dean 'peppy' Herbert. Originally released for Microsoft Windows on September, 16, 2007, the game has also been ported to macOS, Linux, Android and iOS. Its gameplay is inspired by titles such as Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan, Taiko no Tatsujin, Happy Feet (video game),Beatmania IIDX,^[3]Elite Beat Agents, O2Jam, StepMania, and DJMax.

osu! has received generally positive reviews and has been recommended by professional gamers as a way of improving cursor aim and gaining advantage in games other than osu!.^[4][5]

Gameplay and features[edit]

There are four official game modes: 'osu!' (unofficially called osu!standard), 'osu!taiko', 'osu!catch' (formerly 'osu!ctb'), and 'osu!mania'.^[6][7] A level in any of these modes is called a 'beatmap'. In osu!standard, beatmaps consist of three items – hit circles, sliders, and spinners. These items are collectively known as 'hit objects', and are arranged in different positions on the screen and in different points of time. Taiko beatmaps have drumbeats and spinners. Catch beatmaps have fruits and spinners, which are arranged in a horizontal manner. Mania beatmaps consist of keys (depicted as a small bar) and holds. The beatmap is then played with accompanying music, simulating a sense of rhythm as the player interacts with the objects to the beat of the music.^[8][9] Each beatmap is accompanied by a background. The game can be played using various peripherals, however the most common setup is a graphics tablet or computer mouse to control cursor movement, paired with a keyboard.^[10][3]

The game offers a buyable service called osu!supporter, which grants many extra features to the user. Players are able to download beatmaps directly from inside the game, without the lengthy process of using browsers through a service called osu!direct. A heart icon beside the username on the official osu! website, additional pending beatmap slots, faster download speeds, access to multiplayer on cutting edge builds, friend and country-specific leaderboards, one free username change, more in-game customization, a yellow username in the in-game chat, and more customization on one's user page (the 'me' tab).^[11] osu!supporter does not affect the ranking system, or provide any in game advantage. osu!supporter is not a recurring service.

Community and competitive play[edit]

Community events[edit]

osu! also features different events, such as fanart and beatmapping contests. Unofficial events and conventions are also being held. The biggest unofficial event held in the community is 'cavoe's osu! event'^[12] (usually referred to as 'osu! event' or 'COE'), held at The Brabanthallen^[13] in 's Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. The event has been arranged three times since 2017 yearly. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, COE 2020 was cancelled.

Tournaments[edit]

osu! contains three main facets of competition between players. In multiplayer lobbies, up to 16 users play a map simultaneously. On individual maps, players compete for highscores on global leaderboards or against highscores set by themselves and friends. Players also compete with their ranks, which are calculated by accumulating 'performance points' (pp). pp is based on a map's difficulty and the player's accuracy.^[14] According to PC Gamer, most competitive osu! players score between 100pp and 400pp on a map, with few ever exceeding 500pp. In July 2019, a player, Vaxei, exceeded 1,000pp for the first time, followed by another player, idke, less than twenty-four hours later.^[4][15]

Since 2011, there have been eight annual 'osu! World Cups' (usually abbreviated as 'owc'), one for each game mode (osu!mania having two for four key and seven key). Teams for World Cups are country-based, with up to eight players per team.^[16] There are also many different community-hosted tournaments, differing in rank range, types of maps played, and how the teams are composed.^[17] Winners of tournaments typically receive prizes such as cash, merchandise, profile badges and/or osu!supporter subscriptions.

Adaptations[edit]

osu!stream[edit]

In 2011, osu!stream was released as an adaptation of osu! for iOS devices running iOS 6 and later, also developed by Dean Herbert. The main difference between osu! and osu!stream is that osu!stream beatmaps are not user-created and are instead made by the developers of osu!stream. The version also includes some new gameplay elements.^[18]

On 26 February 2020, Herbert announced that he released the source code and plans to halt development of the game, releasing one final update that made all the levels free to download.^[19]

osu!lazer[edit]

osu!lazer^[20] is a free and open-source remake of the original game client under heavy development. It was originally projected for the stable version to come out in 2017. However, as of February 2021, not all features were working.

It introduces a new graphics framework^[21] that adds improved visuals, performance and more flexibility for future changes. This new framework that powers osu!lazer will allow users to create their own game modes which can then be played and modified in the osu!lazer client.^[22][23]

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The development of osu!lazer started in 2015 and development versions of osu!lazer are currently available for testing on Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. osu!lazer is written entirely in .NET Core.

Reception[edit]

Jeuxvideo.com reviewed osu! favorably with 18/20 points in 2015.^[24] In 2010, MMOGames.com reviewer Daniel Ball said that while the game was very similar to Elite Beat Agents, it was differentiated by its community's large library of high-quality community made content and customization.^[25]osu! has been used and recommended by esports players such as Ninja and EFFECT, as a way to warm-up and practice their aim.^[5][8]

References[edit]

1. ^'Stable Releases'. ppy. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
2. ^'Releases'. GitHub. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
3. ^ ^abGonzáles, Mariela (5 September 2019). 'Gaming Sounds: osu!, cuando el ritmo se convierte en nuestro séptimo sentido'. The Objective (in Spanish). The Objective Media. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
4. ^ ^abCarpenter, Nicole (16 July 2019). 'Gamers with godlike reflexes are racing to break world records in this rhythm game'. PC Gamer. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
5. ^ ^abWebb, Kevin (24 August 2019). 'Professional gamers like Ninja use this music game to practice their aim and improve their mouse skills — Here's how you can play for free'. Business Insider. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
6. ^Andika, Ferry (27 December 2019). 'osu!, Game Rhythm Terkenal di PC dengan Ribuan Pemain Harian' (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indozone Media Indonesia. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
7. ^'Game Modes'. osu.ppy.sh. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
8. ^ ^abRodrigues, Gabriela (19 September 2019). 'Como baixar osu! e treinar sua mira no Fortnite e CS:GO'. TechTudo (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
9. ^Phúc, Thịnh (30 August 2019). 'Bí quyết giúp game thủ có khả năng phản xạ chớp nhoáng'. Zing.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 7 January 2020.
10. ^Smart, Jibb (17 September 2019). 'Why not just use thumbsticks?'. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020. While there's debate among its fans as to whether playing with a mouse is as good as playing with a stylus, there's one thing everyone will agree on: thumbsticks are almost useless for this game.
11. ^'Support the game'. osu.ppy.sh. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
12. ^cavoeboy. 'COE2020'. cavoeboy.com. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
13. ^'cavoe's osu! event 2020'. Brabanthallen. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
14. ^'Performance Ranking'. osu.ppy.sh. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
15. ^'osu! PP world record broken by 15-year-old'. Dot Esports. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019. For instance, former Overwatch League pro Hyeon 'EFFECT' Hwang said he plays the game for one hour before matches to warm up his hands.
16. ^Amos, Andrew (16 November 2018). 'Circle Work: A chat with Australia's osu! World Cup team'. Red Bull. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
17. ^'Tournaments'. osu.ppy.sh. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
18. ^'osu!stream'. osu.ppy.sh. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
19. ^blog, ppy. 'osu!stream 2020 release'. blog.ppy.sh. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
20. ^GitHub - ppy/osu: rhythm is just a *click* away!, ppy, 6 September 2019, retrieved 6 September 2019
21. ^ppy/osu-framework, ppy, 11 November 2020, retrieved 11 November 2020
22. ^'Custom Rulesets Directory · Issue #5852 · ppy/osu'. GitHub. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
23. ^ppy/osu-templates, ppy, 11 November 2020, retrieved 11 November 2020
24. ^'Test : osu!'. jeuxvideo.com (in French). 7 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.
25. ^Ball, Daniel (April 27, 2010). 'Online rhythm and music game osu! reviewed - MMOGames.com'. MMOGames.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.

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External links[edit]

• Osu! on Twitch